The Ladder :: essays research papers

KICKING AWAY THE LADDER There is currently great pressure on developing countries to adopt a set of â€Å"good policies† and â€Å"good institutions† – such as liberalisation of trade and investment and strong patent law – to foster their economic development. When some developing countries show reluctance in adopting them, the proponents of this recipe often find it difficult to understand these countries’ stupidity in not accepting such a tried and tested recipe for development. After all, they argue, these are the policies and the institutions that the developed countries had used in the past in order to become rich. Their belief in their own recommendation is so absolute that in their view it has to be imposed on the developing countries through strong bilateral and multilateral external pressures, even when these countries don’t want them.Naturally, there have been heated debates on whether these recommended policies and institutions are appropriate for develop ing countries. However, curiously, even many of those who are sceptical of the applicability of these policies and institutions to the developing countries take it for granted that these were the policies and the institutions that were used by the developed countries when they themselves were developing countries. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the historical fact is that the rich countries did not develop on the basis of the policies and the institutions that they now recommend to, and often force upon, the developing countries. Unfortunately, this fact is little known these days because the â€Å"official historians† of capitalism have been very successful in re-writing its history. Almost all of today’s rich countries used tariff protection and subsidies to develop their industries. Interestingly, Britain and the USA, the two countries that are supposed to have reached the summit of the world economy through their free-market, free-trade policy, are actually the ones that had most aggressively used protection and subsidies. Contrary to the popular myth, Britain had been an aggressive user, and in certain areas a pioneer, of activist policies intended to promote its industries. Such policies, although limited in scope, date back from the 14th century (Edward III) and the 15th century (Henry VII) in relation to woollen manufacturing, the leading industry of the time. England then was an exporter of raw wool to the Low Countries, and Henry VII for example tried to change this by taxing raw wool exports and poaching skilled workers from the Low Countries. Particularly between the

Garmin

GARMIN – Follow the Leader Garmin Global Positioning System’s (GPS), began as a brainstorming session between a few engineers playing a game of cards and has grown into a global technological phenomenon since its inception in 1989. Starting with only a handful of employees, Garmin has expanded its work force consisting of more than 7000 employees by 2007, all dedicated to the same objective; To create navigation and communication devices that can enrich our customers’ lives. As a group, the decision to choose Garmin was rather easy. We wanted to select a company or product that is relatively new in the consumers’ eye that can provide a distinct need in a market that is not over saturated by competitors. Garmin is considered an innovator in the GPS market and doing a study based on a well known, high quality product, provided interest between our groups. Garmin focuses on embracing lifestyles of their consumers, whether it be Automotive; helping people reach their destination with ease, Marine; supplying essential charts and data, Aviation, Fitness, Outdoor Recreation, to the ever evolving Wireless Smart Phone Applications, first time users quickly realize the cache of having a compact and portable unit, making their journey, wherever it may be more enjoyable. Market Segmentation Garmin is making strong progress in gaining the opportunity to serve a wide range of people in many different situations, whether it be driving across country on vacation, going for hike in a remote Mountain Park, setting Sail on the Pacific Ocean, or even going for a nice bike ride through a park. The diversity of the GPS system has really taken off in the past few years with the advancement of technology, which has really benefited Garmin in targeting â€Å"Whom we serve† Looking at the Segmentation Basis we have reviewed (Demographic, Geographic, Psychographic, and Behavioral) we can determine how Garmin Markets their broad range of products in the open market. Demographic – As a company, Garmin has a fairly broad Demographic Segment because of their multiple products. Garmin would segment its buyers into a non gender bias, over the age of 16, with all family life cycles included, with an average income, focusing on the baby boomers and the Y Generation because of its Technological advancement. Geographic – Garmin markets itself in certain regions around the world. These regions are; North America, Europe, Australia/New Zealand, Asia, and the Middle East. Garmin has a process which they call vertical integration, which allows Garmin to maintain a high level of quality and respond more quickly to the ever-changing marketplace. This is especially important in their Company Offices located in Kansas City, USA, Southampton, UK, and Sijhih, Taiwan. Psychographic – When trying to divide itself into different market groups, there are certain classes, lifestyles, and personalities Garmin would generally market. As a Social Class, Middle Class and up would be the main target, Lifestyles – Achievers would be the group that generally uses the Garmin product, due to their ambitious personalities. Behavioural – The behavioural segment basis is probably the most relevant when looking at whom to market their product to. Convenience is a tool that helps Garmin sell their product to provide them with accurate, thorough information, providing customer loyalty and regular use. A Garmin user would have a positive attitude toward the product as it is making there busy lives easier. â€Å"Garmin is a leading, worldwide provider of navigation, communications and information devices, most of which are enabled by Global Positioning System (â€Å"GPS†) technology. Garmin designs, develops, manufactures and markets a diverse family of hand-held, portable and fixed-mount GPS-enabled products and other navigation, communications and information products for the automotive/mobile, outdoor/fitness, marine, and general aviation markets. † – Garmin 2007 Annual Report to Shareholders. This statement proves that the R & D department for Garmin is on the right track, assuring the Shareholders they are targeting the correct markets in today’s world. Garmin has developed a unique style that takes a systematic approach to R&D. This helps them close the innovation gap with its competitors. They have been able to do this by partnering their manufacturing and engineering teams, and integrating their product development teams in a multidisciplinary fashion to work on newly approved designs. Garmin has achieved a market position and a history of consistent growth in revenues and profits by offering ergonomically designed, user friendly products with innovative features and designs covering a range of applications and price points.

The Criminal Justice System ( Nics ) - 1784 Words

Introduction The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is one of the major public services in the United Kingdom. There are six core agencies complemented by a number of voluntary groups. Gibson and Cavadino (2008, p9) suggest that the Criminal Justice System ‘encompasses all the procedures and practices that flow from detection and apprehension of offenders right through to the rehabilitation of offenders’. The Criminal Justice System is a process through which various agencies work together to ensure that people who commit crimes are brought to justice; it exists to protect the public by reducing crime. One of the most integral components of the CJS is that of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) who are responsible for prosecuting criminal cases investigated by the police. They act independently with the role of prosecuting cases firmly, fairly and effectively when there is enough evidence with a realistic prospect of conviction (CPS, n.d). This component of the CJS has not been withou t its problems of controversy but has improved to become the agency that it was intended to be over time. This report aims to describe and summarise the role and importance of the Crown Prosecution Service within the Criminal Justice System. Reference to other agencies including the work of the Police, the Courts, the Probation Service, the Prison Service and Youth Justice will Historical context The modern day Crown Prosecution Service was established in 1986 following a report that wasShow MoreRelatedThe Brady Act Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesBrady Act continues to keep firearms out of the hands of criminals. The Brady Handgun Violence Act of 1994 is a federal law requiring that all prospective purchasers of firearms be approved through what is known as an instant background check. 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